Acrylonitrile
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Acrylonitrile, also known as AN or vinyl cyanide, is a man-made VOC. It is a pungent smelling, colorless flammable liquid with the chemical formula CH2CHCN. Its vapors are highly flammable and can explode when exposed to an open flame. Five companies produce AN in the USA, and they produced a total of 2.5 billion pounds in 1993. AN is most commonly used to make acrylic and modacrylic fibers, but can also be used to produce high-impact plastics, packaging plastics, adiponitrile (a chemical involved in the production of nylon), dyes, drugs, and pesticides.
Acrylonitrile is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH2CHCN. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It has a pungent odor of garlic or onions. It is also known as vinyl cyanide and cyanoethylene.
Acrylonitrile is used to make acrylic and modified acrylic fibers for use in clothing and textiles such as wool pullovers, sportswear, carpets, and upholstery. Acrylic fibers are also used as a precursor for carbon fiber production. It is used to produce plastics and resins such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), and nitrile rubber for fuel hoses and O-ring seals. Acrylonitrile is also used as a chemical intermediate in the production of other chemicals such as acrylamide and adiponitrile.
Shandong Qilu Petrochemical Qitai Petrochemical Co., Ltd. is one of the subsidiaries of Kaitai. At present, acrylonitrile is mainly exported to Brazil, Thailand, and some other South American countries.
Main Uses of Acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile is widely used in a variety of industrial applications. For example, it is used extensively to manufacture acrylic fibres, resins, plastics, and nitrile rubbers. Common resins containing acrylonitrile include acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), which is used in business machines and construction material, and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), which is used in automotive applications, household goods, and packaging.
Acrylonitrile is also a significant chemical intermediate in producing adiponitrile (used to produce nylon) and acrylamide. Specialty applications of acrylonitrile include producing carbon fibres that reinforce composites for aircraft and the aerospace industry.
Historically, acrylonitrile was used as a pesticide when mixed with carbon tetrachloride; using acrylonitrile as a pesticide ceased in Canada in 1976.
Chemical Properties of Acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile has a reactive chemistry and can undergo a double bond addition reaction, reacting with the corresponding inorganic or organic compounds containing reactive hydrogen to produce a series of cyanoethylated products. It polymerizes easily in the absence of oxygen or exposure to visible light, and can polymerize strongly in the presence of concentrated bases. It reacts violently with reducing agents and releases toxic gases. Vapors mixed with air easily form explosive mixtures and react violently with oxidizing agents. Exposure to open flames and high temperatures can cause combustion and explosion. It is easy to polymerize when exposed to light, heat and long-term storage, and has the danger of combustion and explosion. In addition, acrylonitrile is not only toxic in vapor, but also easily causes skin poisoning when attached to the skin. The LD50 is 15mg/kg in mice and 93mg/kg in rats. prolonged inhalation of dilute acrylonitrile vapors can cause nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue and discomfort. The maximum permissible concentration in the workplace is 45mg/m3. Production equipment should be closed and protective gear should be worn during operation. If acrylonitrile splashes on clothing, remove clothing immediately. If it splashes on skin, flush with plenty of water. If it splashes in the eyes, flush with running water for more than 15 minutes. If accidentally swallowed, wash stomach with warm salt water. If poisoned, administer sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrite intravenously immediately and consult a physician.
Acrylonitrile (AN) chemical formula is C3H3N, molecular weight is 53.06 g/mol. its pure product is a colorless liquid, with a chloroform-like odor. Acrylonitrile has a melting point of -83.6°C, a boiling point of 77.3°C, a density of 0.806 g/cm³(20°C), and high volatility and flammability.
The solubility of acrylonitrile shows obvious polar characteristics. The solubility in water is 7.3 g/100 mL(20℃), and it can be miscible with most organic solvents, such as ethanol, ether and acetone. Acrylonitrile is highly toxic and irritating, with obvious irritating effects on skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Inhalation of high concentration vapors can lead to serious toxic reactions. Therefore, in the process of industrial production and use, it is necessary to strictly control its operating conditions and do personal protection and environmental monitoring.
Environmental Problems and Countermeasures in Acrylonitrile Production
Acrylonitrile production process is often accompanied by harmful gas emission, wastewater pollution and other problems due to the harsh reaction conditions. The main pollutants include unreacted propylene, ammonia and by-products such as acrylic acid and acetonitrile. These substances not only pollute the environment, but also pose a threat to production safety.
In order to cope with the above problems, companies usually adopt various environmental protection technologies and management measures. In terms of waste gas treatment, the harmful components in the waste gas are effectively decomposed and recovered by introducing technologies such as high-efficiency adsorption and catalytic combustion. In wastewater treatment, organic pollutants and heavy metals in wastewater are effectively removed and treated through biodegradation and chemical precipitation. Process improvement and equipment upgrading are also important ways to reduce pollution, such as the use of closed production and online monitoring to reduce material leakage and volatilization.
Market Demand Analysis of Acrylonitrile
Demand from textile industry
Acrylonitrile is mainly used in the textile industry to produce synthetic fiber polypropylene. Polypropylene has excellent elasticity, abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance, and is widely used in apparel, home textiles and other fields. The market demand for polypropylene is growing steadily as people's requirements for comfort and functionality continue to increase.
Demand from the plastics industry
Acrylonitrile is an important raw material for the synthesis of polyacrylonitrile. Polyacrylonitrile is a high-quality plastic with high strength, heat resistance and corrosion resistance. It is widely used in automobile parts, electronic product shells and other fields. With the rapid development of automobile industry and the popularization of electronic products, the market demand for polyacrylonitrile is on the rise.
Demand of rubber industry
Acrylonitrile is an important raw material for the production of synthetic rubber, widely used in tires, seals and other fields. With the increase in the number of automobiles and the advancement of industrialization, the market demand of rubber is also growing.
Preparation Method of Acrylonitrile
1. Cyanization reaction of acrylonitrile
The main preparation method of acrylonitrile is obtained by cyanidation reaction of propylene. The cyanidation reaction can be divided into two steps: nitriding reaction and denitriding reaction.
① Nitriding reaction
The nitrogenation reaction is carried out under alkaline conditions with sodium cyanide (NaCN) as the cyanide source and propylene as the substrate. Alkaline conditions in the reaction are usually achieved by adding an alkaline catalyst such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sodium carbonate (Na2C03). The reaction equation is as follows.
• The reaction equation is as follows.
CH2=CHCH3+NaCN→CH2=CHCN+NaCH3
② Denitrification reaction
The acrylonitrile generated in the nitridation reaction contains the anion NaCH3, which needs to be denitrided to get pure acrylonitrile. The denitrogenation reaction is usually carried out under acidic conditions, such as using concentrated sulfuric acid (H2S04) or hydrochloric acid (HCl).
• Reaction equation is as follows.
CH2=CHCN+2H20→CH2=CHCOOH+NH3
2. Oxygen cyanide reaction of acrylonitrile
Another method of preparation of acrylonitrile is obtained by oxo-cyanation of acryl alcohol. The oxo cyanidation reaction involves substitution of hydroxide in acryl alcohol to cyano under sodium cyanide (NaCN) and alkaline conditions.
• Reaction equation is as follows.
CH2=CHCHOH+NaCN→CH2=CHCH2CN+NaCHO
3. Ammoniation-oxidation reaction to prepare solution method
Acrylonitrile is prepared in solution by the reaction of propylene, ammonia and oxygen in the presence of catalyst.
• The reaction equation is as follows.
CH2=CHCH3+NH3+02→CH2=CHCN+2H20
This method requires the use of catalysts, which are available in the form of copper, cobalt and nickel. The most commonly used of these is the copper catalyst. This method avoids the use of toxic cyanide because ammonia and oxygen are used instead of cyanide.
Keep the storage container sealed: In order to prevent acrylonitrile from contacting with air and reduce the possibility of oxidization reaction, acrylonitrile should be stored in airtight storage containers and make sure the containers are well sealed.
Storage in cool and dry place: Acrylonitrile is sensitive to heat and fire, it should be stored away from direct sunlight and high temperature environment, and choose cool and dry place for storage.
Keep away from fire and heat source
Acrylonitrile is combustible, and its vapor may form explosive mixture when mixed with air, so it must be kept away from fire and heat source.
Storage temperature should be lower than 30℃
In order to reduce the risk of chemical reaction of acrylonitrile, the storage temperature should be controlled below 30℃.
Do not mix with oxidizers, acids, alkalis, amines, etc
To avoid unnecessary chemical reactions, acrylonitrile should not be mixed or transported with these substances.
Precautions for Purchasing Acrylonitrile
Stability of supply: When choosing suppliers, the first thing to consider is the stability of their supply. This includes reviewing the supplier's production capacity, storage capacity and delivery speed to ensure that the required products can be supplied consistently and stably.
Product quality: Acrylonitrile is a dangerous chemical reagent that may affect equipment and personal safety. Therefore, when choosing suppliers, we must pay attention to the quality of the products. Product quality can be evaluated by checking the supplier's production environment, process flow, product testing and so on.
Reasonable price: Although price is not the only consideration, the price factor cannot be ignored. Reasonable price, high transparency and good reputation of the supplier should be selected to avoid high price affecting normal procurement. It is recommended that companies make a decision after comparing the prices of several suppliers.
Packing and Storage: Acrylonitrile should be packed in clean and dry special iron drums with net weight of 150kg per drum.The packing containers should meet the safety standard to ensure the safety during transportation and storage.
Danger: Acrylonitrile belongs to category 3 dangerous goods and flammable liquid, special attention should be paid to safety measures during transportation and storage. Keep it under normal temperature and pressure, avoid contact with incompatible substances to prevent accidents.
Kaitai Petrochemical was founded in July 2004. With the strong support of all sectors of society, it established a subsidiary in Gaoqing County in 2011 and officially put into production in October 2013. Since 2018, Kaitai has newly put into operation the 180000 tons high-end white oil project of its subsidiary. Kaitai Petrochemical has developed into a diversified chemical group company.
Shandong kaitai is located in beautiful Qi ancient capital- Zibo, which enjoys superior geographic position and convenient traffic- north to Huanghe River, east to Qingdao port, and south to the Jinan airport, Shandong Kaitai never ceases its effort to serve customers, and sold acrylic acid esters to most parts of China and overseas. Kaitai is a comprehensive enterprise integrating acrylic acid, acrylic ester and white oil production.
Shandong Kaitai Petrochemical adheres to the enterprise tenet of "pursuing high-quality development of the enterprise, rewarding shareholders, "Constantly improve the happiness index of employees and take the road of common prosperity", implements sunshine management, develops with customers, grows with employees. Fulfill social responsibility and build a respected enterprise; Fulfill economic responsibilities, build an enterprise with good benefits and prospects, make employees rich together, have higher income, better welfare, more status and dignity, create a happy place, live better and realize the dream of Kaitai.
Shadong Kaitai has more than 1000 employees, including 200 with medium and senior professional titles. Shandong Kaitai was qualified to be national "three systems" certified enterprise; Shandong acrylate Engineering Technology Research Center; High tech enterprises in Shandong Province; Shandong honest enterprise; "Kaitai" acrylic acid is a famous brand product in Shandong Province. In 2019, the comprehensive strength of Kaitai ranked 42nd among the top 100 enterprises in Zibo.
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